Classic Patterns of Argument
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Katzav and Reed’s Argumentation Schemes The Argumentation Schemes below are from the work of Joel Katzav and Chris Reed. Their article On Argumentation Schemes and the Natural Classification of Arguments outlines their view concerning Argumentation Schemes. The Argumentation Schemes Argument from Causal Law Argument from Constitution of Singular Causal Facts Argument from Implication Argument from Non-Causal Law Argument from…
Pollock’s Argumentation Schemes The Argumentation Schemes below are from John Pollock’s book Cognitive Carpentry: A Blueprint for How to Build a Person. The Argumentation Schemes General Knowledge Induction Memory Perception Statistical Syllogism Temporal Persistence Witness Testimony
Walton’s Argumentation Schemes The Argumentation Schemes below are taken from Douglas Walton’s book Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning. If you are interested in using these schemes I would suggest that you read Walton’s book, as their utility may not be apparent without the background theory concerning presumptive reasoning. Critical Questions appear in note boxes, and are labeled with the question mark…
ReasoningLab Argumentation Schemes These schemes have been developed to help argument mappers create well formed maps of common arguments. An attempt has been made to ensure that these schemes contain no enthymematic premises. (If you think you notice any logical mistakes please contact us at info@reasoninglab.com) Examples are provided to help make the abstract structure clear. Also, when…
Categorical Syllogisms Barbara (AAA-1) Bocardo (OAO-3) Celarent (EAE-1) Cesare (EAE-2) Darri (AII-1) Dimaris (IAI-4) Ferio (EIO-1)
Analogy Enumerative Induction Inductive Generalisation Simple Induction Statistical Syllogism
Modus Ponens Modus Tollens Disjunctive Syllogism Hypothetical Syllogism Excluded Middle Either Way
Below are examples of fallacious arguments. Ad hominem Affirming the consequent Denying the antecedent Post hoc ergo propter hoc